Comprehensive World Energy Outlook special report analysing India's energy sector with scenarios for demand, supply, investment and CO2 emissions through 2040, covering the impact of Covid-19 and pathways toward sustainable development.
$1.4 trillion (70% more)Additional clean energy investment required above current-policy trajectory to put India on a sustainable development path over the next 20 years(Executive Summary)
50% rise in CO2 by 2040Projected increase in India's CO2 emissions under Stated Policies Scenario — the largest of any country — though per-capita emissions remain well below global average(Energy in India today)
35%Revised energy demand growth projected for India between 2019 and 2030 under STEPS (down from earlier 50% estimate due to Covid-19 impact)(Executive Summary)
3rd largestIndia's rank as an energy consumer; expected to overtake the EU by 2030(p.21)
EnergyPolicyMarket sizing
Comprehensive tracking of green finance flows in India for mitigation and adaptation sectors, assessing progress against NDC financing needs and identifying gaps in domestic and international capital deployment.
USD 50 billion (INR 3,712 bn)Tracked green finance for mitigation sectors in India in FY2021/22 — a 20% increase since FY2019/20(Executive Summary)
USD 15 billion (INR 1,092 bn)Adaptation finance tracked in FY2021/22 — nearly three times the FY2019/20 level(Executive Summary)
USD 2.5 trillion (INR 162.5 tn)Total climate finance India needs from 2015 to 2030 (approx. USD 170 bn/year) to meet its NDC goals — current flows cover only about a third(Key findings)
83%Share of mitigation finance that was domestically sourced in FY2021/22; international finance made up 17% (USD 8.3 bn)(Domestic vs. international)
EnergyPolicyMarket sizingClimate finance
Sector-by-sector analysis of India's decarbonisation pathways across more than 100 levers, modelling a Line-of-Sight and an Accelerated scenario through 2050, covering power, steel, automotive, aviation, cement and agriculture.
$12.1 trillionGreen investment required in India through 2050 under the Accelerated decarbonisation scenario (5.9% of GDP per year)(Executive Summary)
2.9 GtCO2e per yearIndia's net greenhouse gas emissions as of 2019 — third largest in the world at 1.8 t CO2 per capita(p.6)
638 million peoplePopulation in districts classified as climate-event hotspots (more than 75% of all India's districts)(p.8)
2,700 GW renewables by 2050Renewable energy capacity India needs to reach from ~95 GW in 2020 — representing a 95% share of generation(Power sector)
EnergyIndustrial DecarbonisationPolicyMarket sizing
Annual statistical compendium covering power-generation capacity for 2014–2023 and actual generation for 2014–2022 across more than 150 countries, including India's installed renewable capacity by technology.
10 years of data (2014–2023)Renewable power generation capacity statistics presented for each country and technology(Overview)
>150 countriesGeographic coverage of renewable energy balances, including India at the country level(Scope)
EnergyMarket sizing
REmap analysis modelling how India can raise renewable energy to 25% of total final energy demand by 2030, with investment requirements, employment impacts and coal/oil demand reduction estimates.
25%Share of total final energy demand India can meet from renewables by 2030 under the REmap pathway(Executive Summary)
USD 42 billion/yearAverage annual investment in renewable energy technologies required between 2017 and 2030 (USD 16 bn Reference Case + USD 26 bn additional options)(Investment section)
185 GW wind by 2030Total wind power capacity India needs under REmap — almost eight times the end-2015 level(Power sector)
12x cost savingsEconomic benefit-to-cost ratio of increasing renewable deployment under REmap(Economic analysis)
EnergyPolicyMarket sizing
BloombergNEF's India-specific long-term energy transition scenarios to 2050, modelling installed capacity by technology under a Net Zero scenario, including the role of storage, hydrogen and grid investment.
Net Zero scenario to 2050India-specific energy transition modelling covering installed generation capacity and batteries by technology/fuel(Overview)
Fossil fuels largely diminished by 2050India's reliance on fossil fuels continues past mid-century but their significance is projected to reduce substantially under the Net Zero scenario(Scenario analysis)
EnergyMarket sizing
Analysis of India's clean energy financing landscape, covering investment flows in renewables and EV sectors, constraints on capital access, and the policy environment needed to close the funding gap.
59 GWRenewable capacity auctioned in India in 2024, requiring unprecedented capital deployment(Market activity)
20%Drop in lithium-ion battery pack prices in 2024, reshaping economics of energy storage in India(Technology costs)
EnergyTransportationClimate finance
Whole-system analysis of decarbonisation pathways for India's buildings sector, covering low-carbon design, materials, operational energy efficiency and clean energy supply, with policy and market recommendations.
~33%Share of India's total energy use attributable to building operations; a further ~10% goes to building material production and construction(Executive Summary)
4x lower emissions by 2050Potential reduction in India's buildings-related emissions versus business-as-usual if a whole-system approach is adopted(Scenario analysis)
Built EnvironmentPolicy
RMI research identifying India as a clean energy powerhouse, analysing demand growth, investment gaps versus global peers, EV adoption trends and the emissions savings potential of India's energy transition.
4% of global clean energy investmentIndia's current share of global clean energy investment — far below its population and emissions share(Investment gap)
Energy demand could triple by 2050Projected energy demand growth in India driven by industrialisation, urbanisation and space cooling in a warming climate(Demand outlook)
5% of GDPAnnual cost of India's fossil fuel imports (coal, gas, oil) — a key driver for domestic clean energy investment(Energy security)
EnergyTransportationMarket sizing
Working paper using the open-source India Energy Policy Simulator to model two climate policy packages — NDC-SDG and Long-Term Decarbonization — assessing emissions, jobs and health co-benefits across sectors.
65% emissions cut by 2050GHG reduction under the Long-Term Decarbonization (LTD) scenario versus business-as-usual(Key findings)
39 million jobsAdditional jobs created by 2050 under the LTD scenario(Co-benefits)
9.4 million premature deaths preventedPublic health benefit of the LTD scenario's cleaner air by 2050(Health co-benefits)
37% emissions cut by 2050GHG reduction under the NDC-SDG aligned scenario versus business-as-usual(NDC-SDG scenario)
EnergyPolicyIndustrial Decarbonisation
India's first government-led, multi-sectoral integrated study covering 11 sector reports across power, transport, industry, buildings, agriculture and waste, assessing pathways to Viksit Bharat ($30 trillion GDP by 2047) and net-zero by 2070.
$22.7 trillion by 2070Total investment India needs to achieve Net Zero, with a financing gap of approximately $6.5 trillion requiring external sources(Financing needs report)
6,000+ GW renewables by 2070Projected renewable energy capacity under the Net Zero scenario(Power sector insights)
60% electricity share by 2070Electricity's share of India's final energy mix under the Net Zero scenario(Energy mix)
300+ GW nuclear by 2070Nuclear capacity expansion required under the Net Zero scenario(Power sector insights)
EnergyPolicyMarket sizingIndustrial Decarbonisation
Scenario sketch developed jointly by TERI and Shell mapping pathways for India's energy system to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, covering power, industry, transport, hydrogen and biofuels.
~90% renewables in power by 2050Share of renewables in India's power sector under the net-zero scenario(Power pathway)
13% hydrogen in final energyRole of hydrogen in India's final energy mix by 2050 under the net-zero scenario(Hydrogen pathway)
~60% improvement in energy intensityEnergy intensity per unit of GDP improvement required by 2050(Efficiency targets)
4x growth in power sectorIndia's power sector needs to grow more than four times in 30 years, dominated by renewables(Executive Summary)
EnergyIndustrial DecarbonisationPolicy
Analysis of green bonds as a mechanism to finance India's renewable energy and electric mobility transition, examining domestic and international market potential, sovereign green bond frameworks and key barriers to scale.
$43 billionGreen bonds raised by India since 2014 across the 'hidden universe' of domestic and international issuances(Market overview)
USD 2 billionIndia's sovereign green bond (SrGB) issuance in Q1 2023, the first under the 2022 SrGB framework(Sovereign green bonds)
EnergyTransportationClimate finance
Study examining India's voluntary carbon market, the challenges facing the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) offset mechanism launched in December 2023, and recommendations to scale credible carbon credit trading.
278 million credits (2010–2022)Total voluntary carbon credits issued by India — 17% of global supply(Market overview)
$1.2 billion+Valuation of India's voluntary carbon market(Market sizing)
1,451 projectsVCM projects registered or under consideration across Verra and Gold Standard registries as of May 2023(Registry data)
USD 20–40 billion by 2030Projected revenue potential from voluntary carbon credits for India(Market projections)
Carbon & Climate ManagementPolicy
Analysis of how carbon markets can scale durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in India, covering biochar, enhanced rock weathering, BECCS and DACCS pathways, and addressing definition, finance and MRV challenges.
10–30% of global CDR capacity by 2050India's potential to supply durable carbon dioxide removal globally(India's CDR potential)
25–100 years minimum storageMinimum storage threshold set by government policies and voluntary standards for durable CDR in India(Standards & definitions)
Carbon & Climate Management
IFC report assessing how blended finance structures — mixing public and private capital — can accelerate climate investment in India's energy transition, with case studies across clean energy and green infrastructure.
From $18 bn to $170 bn/yearScale-up in annual climate investments India needs by 2030 to achieve its net-zero commitment(Investment gap)
EnergyClimate finance
Official annual report of India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy covering installed renewable capacity, programme-wise achievements, policy updates and targets across solar, wind, small hydro, biomass and emerging technologies.
500 GW by 2030India's non-fossil electricity capacity target reaffirmed in the report(Policy targets)
EnergyPolicy
Three-part CPI India series examining how sector-specific development finance institutions (DFIs) can be restructured and capitalised to crowd-in private climate investment across energy, transport and agriculture.
USD 170 billion/yearAnnual green finance requirement India needs to meet NDC goals by 2030(Part 1 overview)
Climate financePolicy
Analysis of decarbonisation pathways for industrial heat — the hardest-to-abate segment of industrial emissions in India and Southeast Asia — covering electrification, green hydrogen and biomass options with economics.
14% of global CO2Industrial heat accounts for 14% of global CO2 emissions today — equivalent to all emissions from road passenger transport, aviation and shipping combined(Context)
Industrial DecarbonisationEnergy
Techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen production pathways in India, covering electrolyser technology options, renewable energy input costs and competitiveness versus grey hydrogen, with sectoral demand scenarios.
5 MMT green H2 by 2030India's National Green Hydrogen Mission target for domestic production capacity by 2030(Policy context)
EnergyIndustrial Decarbonisation